Introduction
Bangladesh is one of the fastest-growing markets for Japanese used car imports in South Asia. Every year, tens of thousands of reconditioned vehicles — Toyota Allions, Honda Vezels, Nissan X-Trails, and Toyota Premios — arrive at Chittagong Port from Japan. A rapidly expanding middle class, chronic under-supply from the domestic automotive industry, and a deep cultural preference for Japanese quality drive demand that consistently exceeds supply.
The Bangladesh used car market operates under a unique framework known as the Reconditioned Vehicle (or "Recondition") import policy. This system permits the import of used vehicles through specific channels with clearly defined age limits, duty rates, and eligibility rules. Unlike some markets where regulations are loosely enforced, Bangladesh Customs applies its import rules consistently and strictly. A vehicle that does not meet the requirements will not clear customs at Chittagong.
This guide provides a complete, practical breakdown of the Japanese used car export business to Bangladesh. We cover the import regulations every exporter must know, the progressive duty structure that makes certain engine sizes far more profitable than others, the most popular models and why they dominate, shipping logistics through Chittagong Port, buyer expectations, and the operational strategies that separate successful exporters from those who struggle with rejected shipments and eroded margins.
🇧🇩Why Bangladesh Is a Critical Growth Market for Japanese Used Car Exports
Bangladesh's used car import market has grown consistently over the past decade and shows strong fundamental demand drivers that extend well into the future.
RHD Compatibility
Bangladesh drives on the left, making Japanese right-hand drive vehicles a perfect fit. No steering conversion is needed. This eliminates the major barrier that blocks Japanese exports to left-hand drive markets and gives Japanese vehicles a structural advantage over European or American alternatives.
Supply-Demand Imbalance
Bangladesh has one of the lowest vehicle ownership rates in the world at roughly 6 vehicles per 1,000 people, compared to over 800 in Japan. Domestic production meets only a fraction of demand. Japanese reconditioned vehicles fill this enormous gap at price points that new cars cannot match.
Growing Middle Class
Bangladesh's economy has grown at 6-7% annually for over a decade. A rapidly expanding middle class with rising disposable income is entering the car-buying market for the first time. These buyers overwhelmingly prefer Japanese vehicles for their reputation for reliability, fuel efficiency, and resale value.
Short Shipping Distance
Chittagong Port is only 10-18 days from Japan, one of the shortest routes in the global used car trade. This means faster capital turnover, lower freight costs, and reduced in-transit risk compared to routes to Africa or the Middle East.
Market reality: Bangladesh offers strong volume potential but operates under a strict regulatory framework. The 5-year age limit and progressive duty structure that heavily taxes larger engines create clear profitability sweet spots. Exporters who focus on the 1300-1800cc range with vehicles aged 3-4 years in excellent condition will find the most consistent demand and the best margins.
The key difference between Bangladesh and neighboring Pakistan is the duty structure. Bangladesh uses a progressive duty system based on engine capacity, but the rates are even steeper than Pakistan's for larger engines. Additionally, Bangladesh's import policy specifically favors the "Recondition" category, which has its own unique rules around who can import, how frequently, and through which channels.
📋Bangladesh Import Regulations: Age Limits, Eligibility & the Recondition System
Bangladesh's import regulations for used vehicles are detailed and consistently enforced. The system revolves around the "Reconditioned Vehicle" import policy, which defines who can import, what they can import, and under what conditions. Understanding this system is essential before you source a single vehicle.
Core Import Requirements
📅 Age Limit: Maximum 5 Years (from Year of Manufacture)
Bangladesh allows import of used vehicles less than 5 years old from the year of manufacture. This is different from Pakistan's rule, which counts from first registration date.
- Calculated from the year of manufacture, not first registration date
- Example: a 2020 model year vehicle is eligible until the end of 2025
- Strictly enforced at Chittagong Port — no exceptions or grace periods
- Best practice: target vehicles 3-4 years old to allow buffer time
🚘 Drive Side: RHD Only
Bangladesh requires right-hand drive (RHD) vehicles. Japanese RHD vehicles are directly compatible. LHD vehicles cannot be registered, except under narrow diplomatic exemptions. This RHD requirement is one reason Japanese used cars dominate the Bangladesh import market — they are the world's primary source of high-quality RHD vehicles.
👤 Importer Eligibility: The "Recondition" System
Bangladesh restricts used car imports to specific eligible categories. Understanding who your buyer is determines which vehicles you can sell and under what terms:
- NRB (Non-Resident Bangladeshi): Bangladeshis living abroad can import one vehicle per visit under the NRB scheme. This is the most common channel.
- Transfer of Residence: Returning Bangladeshis settling permanently can import under TOK rules
- Commercial Importers: Registered companies with Bangladesh Bank approval can import for commercial sale
- Diplomatic / Aid Missions: Special duty-free import privileges under bilateral agreements
📄 Required Documentation
Every vehicle exported to Bangladesh must be accompanied by:
- Original Export Certificate (JiDensha / JEVIC)
- Bill of Lading (original or telex release)
- Commercial Invoice with chassis number, make, model, year, engine capacity, CIF value
- Packing List
- Certificate of Origin (needed for preferential duty rates under some trade agreements)
- Importer's valid passport or National ID copy
⚠️ Critical Warning: The 5-year age limit in Bangladesh is calculated from the year of manufacture, not the date of first registration. A vehicle manufactured in December 2020 and first registered in Japan in June 2021 will count from 2020 — meaning it becomes ineligible at the end of 2025, not mid-2026. This is the opposite of Pakistan's rule. Always verify the manufacture year on the vehicle's Japanese export certificate before purchasing. Exporters who confuse these rules between the two markets risk sending over-age vehicles that will be rejected at Chittagong.
💰Bangladesh's Import Duty and Tax Structure for Used Cars
Bangladesh has one of the most progressive duty structures in South Asia. Import duties increase sharply with engine capacity, creating clear winners and losers in terms of vehicle profitability. Understanding this structure is the most important factor for success in the Bangladesh market.
Approximate Duty Rates by Engine Capacity
| Engine Capacity | Total Duty & Taxes | Market Viability | Recommended Models |
|---|---|---|---|
| Under 1500cc | ~60-80% of CIF | Excellent — highest volume potential | Toyota Allion 1.5L, Honda Grace, Toyota Premio 1.5L |
| 1501cc - 2000cc | ~90-130% of CIF | Good — sweet spot for margins | Toyota Premio 1.8L, Honda Vezel, Nissan X-Trail |
| 2001cc - 2500cc | ~140-170% of CIF | Moderate — selective sourcing needed | Toyota Camry 2.4L, Honda Accord 2.4L |
| 2501cc - 3000cc | ~170-220% of CIF | Challenging — thin margins, slow turnover | Toyota Harrier 2.4L, Nissan Murano |
| Above 3000cc | 200%+ of CIF | Premium only — very low volume, high risk | Toyota Land Cruiser Prado, Lexus RX |
The duty structure creates a clear hierarchy. The under-1500cc segment offers the best volume potential with the most manageable duty burden. The 1500-2000cc range offers the best balance of duty cost and per-unit margin — this is where most successful Bangladesh exporters focus their efforts. Vehicles above 2500cc face such high duties that margins are compressed and inventory turnover is slow.
Duty Calculation Example: A Toyota Allion (1500cc) purchased at auction for $8,000 with a CIF value of $10,000 would attract approximately $6,500-8,000 in total duties and taxes. Total landed cost: approximately $16,500-18,000. Comparable local market value in Dhaka: $19,000-22,000. Potential margin: $1,500-4,000 depending on condition, grade, and market timing.
It is important to note that Bangladesh regularly adjusts its duty rates through the national budget announced each June. Regulatory duties, supplementary duties, and VAT rates can change with little notice. Stay connected with a customs broker in Chittagong who can alert you to policy changes before they affect your shipments. The Bangladesh budget often includes adjustments to used car import duties as a tool for managing foreign exchange reserves and protecting domestic industry.
🚘Most Popular Japanese Models in Bangladesh
Model preferences in Bangladesh differ significantly from Pakistan and the Middle East. Toyota dominates, but the specific models in demand are unique to the Bangladesh market's preferences for certain body types and feature sets.
Toyota Allion (1500cc - 1800cc)
The Toyota Allion is arguably the single most popular Japanese import in Bangladesh. This mid-size sedan is specifically designed for Asian markets and offers an ideal combination of size, fuel efficiency, and premium features. The 1500cc and 1800cc variants are the most sought-after. Grade 4 and above Allions with complete service history command premium prices and sell quickly. The Allion's popularity is so dominant that it has its own dedicated buyer community in Bangladesh.
Toyota Premio (1500cc - 1800cc)
The Toyota Premio is the Allion's stablemate and nearly as popular. Slightly more premium in positioning, the Premio appeals to buyers who want a more refined driving experience. The "F" and "Superior" trim levels are the most desirable. Premios with factory navigation, leather seats, and sunroof command significant premiums over base models.
Honda Vezel (1500cc Hybrid)
The Honda Vezel (sold as HR-V in some markets) has become one of the fastest-growing imports in Bangladesh. Its 1500cc hybrid powertrain offers excellent fuel economy and falls into the favorable duty bracket. The Vezel's modern design and Honda's strong brand reputation in Bangladesh make it particularly popular with younger, urban buyers. The hybrid variant offers additional fuel cost savings that appeal to budget-conscious buyers.
Nissan X-Trail (2000cc)
The Nissan X-Trail is the most popular SUV in the Bangladesh import market. Its 2000cc engine sits in the moderate duty bracket, and its combination of SUV practicality with Japanese reliability makes it a consistent best-seller. The X-Trail is particularly popular with families and buyers in the Chittagong and Dhaka regions who need a versatile vehicle for both city and highway driving.
Toyota Corolla / Axio (1300cc - 1500cc)
The Toyota Corolla and its Japanese-market variant, the Toyota Axio, are consistent sellers in the budget-to-mid segment. The 1300cc and 1500cc variants benefit from lower duties while offering Toyota's legendary reliability. These models are particularly popular with first-time import buyers and budget-conscious consumers in Bangladesh.
| Model | Engine | Duty Bracket | Target Grade | Margin Potential |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Toyota Allion | 1500cc | Low | 4+ | $1,500-3,500 |
| Toyota Premio | 1500cc | Low | 4+ | $1,500-4,000 |
| Honda Vezel | 1500cc | Low | 4+ | $1,000-3,000 |
| Nissan X-Trail | 2000cc | Medium | 4+ | $1,500-3,500 |
| Toyota Axio | 1300cc | Low | 4+ | $1,000-2,500 |
| Toyota Land Cruiser Prado | 2700cc+ | Highest | 4.5+ | $3,000-8,000 |
Model Selection Strategy: For Bangladesh, focus on the 1500cc segment — particularly Toyota Allion, Toyota Premio, and Honda Vezel. These three models account for a disproportionately large share of Bangladesh's Japanese used car imports. They offer the best combination of buyer demand, duty efficiency, and margin potential. Add Nissan X-Trail for the SUV segment and Toyota Axio for the budget segment. Reserve larger Toyota Harrier or Land Cruiser Prado for specific buyer requests only.
🚢Shipping Routes from Japan to Bangladesh
Shipping from Japan to Bangladesh benefits from one of the shortest transit times in the global used car trade. Chittagong Port handles virtually all vehicle imports and has dedicated RoRo facilities.
Primary Shipping Route
🚢 Japan to Chittagong Route
From: Yokohama, Nagoya, Kobe → To: Chittagong Port (Bangladesh)
Transit time: 10-18 days. This is the primary route for all Japanese used car exports to Bangladesh. Chittagong handles over 90% of Bangladesh's vehicle imports, with dedicated RoRo berths at the Chittagong Port Authority facility. Frequent sailings connect all three major Japanese ports with Chittagong on weekly schedules.
🚢 Alternative: Japan to Mongla Port
Mongla Port in southwestern Bangladesh handles a smaller volume of vehicle imports but offers an alternative when Chittagong experiences congestion. Transit time is similar at 12-20 days. Less frequent sailings and less developed RoRo infrastructure make this a secondary option for most exporters, but it can be useful during peak seasons when Chittagong is backed up.
RoRo vs Container for Bangladesh Routes
1 RoRo (Roll-on/Roll-off)
- Cost: $400-700 per vehicle
- Fast loading/unloading at Chittagong
- Standard method for Allion, Premio, Vezel class vehicles
- Frequent weekly sailings
2 Container Shipping
- Cost: $800-1,400 per vehicle
- Better protection for high-value vehicles
- Ideal for Land Cruiser Prado, Lexus, luxury models
- Door-to-door logistics available
For a detailed comparison of shipping methods, see our guide on RoRo vs Container Shipping for Cars. For Bangladesh, RoRo is the standard choice and makes sense for at least 90% of shipments. Container shipping is reserved for high-value vehicles valued above $25,000.
Port Note: Chittagong Port experiences periodic congestion, particularly during the pre-Eid import rushes and the monsoon season (June-October). Factor in potential 5-14 day clearance delays during peak periods. Working with an experienced customs clearing agent in Chittagong is essential for smooth customs clearance. The short sea transit (10-18 days) can be offset by long port stays if you do not have good local logistics support.
🔍How Bangladeshi Buyers Source Cars from Japan
The Bangladeshi buyer journey for Japanese used cars follows a distinct pattern. Understanding this process helps you position your export business effectively and build trust with buyers.
📱 The NRB Channel Dominates
The largest segment of Bangladeshi used car imports comes through Non-Resident Bangladeshis (NRBs) living and working abroad — in the Middle East, Southeast Asia, Europe, and North America. NRBs are entitled to import one vehicle per visit under the baggage rules. These buyers typically work through Japanese agents they find online or through community referrals. They have reliable income (in foreign currency) and are generally more sophisticated buyers than domestic-only consumers.
🌐 Online Discovery and Social Proof
Bangladeshi buyers discover Japanese vehicles primarily through Facebook groups, YouTube channels, and dedicated car import websites. Facebook groups focused on "Japan to Bangladesh car import" are particularly influential. Exporters who maintain an active Facebook presence with vehicle listings, walkaround videos, and client testimonials build trust faster. YouTube channels showing auction processes, vehicle inspections, and shipping updates are increasingly important for building credibility.
💳 Payment Methods
Payment from Bangladesh to Japan follows specific patterns due to Bangladesh Bank foreign exchange regulations:
- Wire transfer (TT): Standard for NRB buyers sending from their country of residence
- Letters of Credit (LC): Required for commercial importers, issued through Bangladeshi banks
- Advance payment: 30-50% deposit, balance on Bill of Lading or arrival
- Mobile banking: Rare, limited to small transactions or deposits
For more on managing buyer relationships across different payment methods, see our buyer management guide and our detailed breakdown of payment methods and currency risk management.
🤝Buyer Expectations and Market Positioning in Bangladesh
Bangladeshi used car buyers have specific expectations that differ from buyers in Pakistan, the Middle East, or Africa. Meeting these expectations is critical for building a sustainable export channel.
📸 Documentation Is Everything
Bangladeshi buyers place extraordinary importance on complete documentation. They expect the original Japanese auction sheet with clear, high-resolution photos of every exterior panel, the interior, engine bay, undercarriage, and a video of the engine running. The service history book with Japanese dealer stamps adds significant value. Any discrepancy between the auction sheet description and the actual vehicle condition will be immediately identified and can destroy trust permanently.
🏭 Premium on Factory-Original Condition
Bangladeshi buyers strongly prefer vehicles that have not been modified, repainted, or repaired. Factory-original paint throughout, original interior, and no accident history are the most important selling points. A vehicle with non-original paint on even a single panel will be heavily discounted. R-grade vehicles (those with repair history) are extremely difficult to sell in Bangladesh except at significant discounts. The ideal Bangladesh vehicle is completely stock, well-maintained, and has full Japanese service history.
📞 Communication Cadence and Expectations
Bangladeshi buyers, particularly NRBs sending money from abroad, expect regular, proactive communication. The buyer has sent a significant deposit (often $5,000-15,000) to a person they have never met, for a vehicle they have not seen in person, that will arrive in 3-6 weeks. Regular updates — auction purchase confirmation, vessel booking, departure notice, transit updates, ETA — build trust and generate referrals. Exporters who disappear after receiving a deposit will find their reputation destroyed in the tightly connected Bangladeshi buyer community. Exporters who over-communicate build loyalty that translates into repeat business.
🏷️ Price Sensitivity Varies by Segment
Price sensitivity in Bangladesh varies significantly by vehicle segment:
- Budget segment (under 1500cc): Moderate price sensitivity. Compete on condition and documentation completeness.
- Mid segment (1500-2000cc): Lower price sensitivity. Buyers prioritize condition, grade, and service history. Sweet spot for exporters.
- Premium segment (2000cc+): Low price sensitivity, very high condition standards. Highest margins, slowest turnover.
📈Pricing, Margins, and Working Capital for Bangladesh
Pricing for the Bangladesh market requires careful attention to the duty structure, current exchange rates, and buyer segment expectations. Here is a typical cost breakdown for the most common export scenario:
Typical Cost Breakdown: Toyota Allion 1500cc (Grade 4, 2020)
| Cost Item | Amount (USD) | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Vehicle purchase (auction) | $7,000 - $10,000 | Grade 4, 2020 Toyota Allion 1.5L |
| Auction fees + agent commission | $500 - $900 | In-market agent fees, auction costs |
| Shipping (RoRo to Chittagong) | $400 - $700 | Short route, frequent sailings |
| Insurance (in-transit) | $100 - $200 | Typically 1-2% of vehicle value |
| Import duty + taxes (~70% of CIF) | $5,500 - $7,500 | Based on CIF value assessed by customs |
| Port handling + customs clearance | $400 - $700 | Documentation and agency fees in Chittagong |
| Total landed cost | $13,900 - $20,000 | Varies with auction price and duty assessment |
Typical margins on a well-sourced Toyota Allion 1500cc range from $1,500 to $3,500 per vehicle. For a Toyota Premio 1800cc, margins can reach $2,000-4,000. The working capital requirement is significant due to the duty outlay at Chittagong, but the short shipping transit (10-18 days) helps with capital turnover.
Working Capital Strategy: The Bangladesh route offers faster capital turnover than most African or even Middle Eastern routes due to the 10-18 day sea transit. However, the duty payment at Chittagong is substantial. Structure your payment terms to receive at least 40-50% deposit before shipment, with the balance due on vessel departure or Bill of Lading issuance. For NRB buyers, payment from overseas accounts is generally reliable. For local Bangladeshi buyers using Letters of Credit, work with confirmed LCs to reduce payment risk. Use our pricing and margin strategy guide to build model-specific cost models.
Currency risk in Bangladesh is primarily a buyer-side concern. The Bangladeshi Taka (BDT) has experienced gradual depreciation against the USD over recent years. For exporters pricing in USD, this affects the buyer's cost in local currency but does not directly impact your revenue. However, be aware that significant depreciation events can cause buyers to delay payments or seek price renegotiation. Building a small currency buffer (3-5%) into your pricing is prudent practice.
⚠️Common Mistakes Exporters Make in the Bangladesh Market
The Bangladesh market has specific pitfalls that catch inexperienced exporters. Here are the most common mistakes and how to avoid them.
1. Confusing Bangladesh's Age Rule with Pakistan's
Bangladesh counts from the year of manufacture. Pakistan counts from first registration date. These are different rules. A vehicle manufactured in late 2020 but registered in early 2021 may be eligible for Pakistan but not for Bangladesh. Exporters serving both markets must track which rule applies for each shipment. A mix-up here can result in a rejected vehicle and a $10,000+ loss.
2. Ignoring the Allion/Premio Premium
Toyota Allion and Premio command significant premiums in Bangladesh over comparable vehicles. Exporters sometimes source lower-priced alternatives (Nissan Wingroad, Mazda Atenza) thinking they offer better value. While these vehicles have their markets, they turn over much slower than Allions and Premios. If you are targeting Bangladesh, make Allion and Premio your core models and add variety only for specific buyer requests.
3. Underestimating Chittagong Congestion
Chittagong Port is one of the most congested in South Asia. During peak periods (pre-Eid, monsoon season), vessels can wait at anchorage for 5-14 days before berthing. Customs clearance adds further time. Exporters who promise delivery by a specific date without accounting for port delays create buyer frustration. Always under-promise and over-deliver on delivery timelines.
4. Selling Modified or Repaired Vehicles
The Bangladesh market is unforgiving of modified or repaired vehicles. Aftermarket modifications, non-original paint, and documented accident history result in severe price discounts. An R-grade Allion that would sell in a week in the Middle East may take months to sell in Bangladesh. Always prioritize factory-original vehicles with clean histories and verified mileage.
5. Weak NRB Buyer Communication
NRB buyers are sending money from countries where they work hard — Saudi Arabia, UAE, Malaysia, Singapore, UK, USA. They have limited time to manage the import process and limited tolerance for poor communication. Exporters who fail to provide regular updates, clear documentation, and responsive communication will struggle to retain NRB buyers. This segment rewards reliability with loyalty and referrals. Use a structured approach to buyer updates as described in our car export status tracking guide.
The Bottom Line: Bangladesh offers strong and growing demand for Japanese used cars, with the Toyota Allion and Premio segments being particularly profitable. Success requires strict age compliance (year of manufacture rule), duty-optimized vehicle selection (focus on 1500cc), factory-original condition, and reliable communication with NRB buyers. Exporters who master these fundamentals can build a highly profitable Bangladesh channel. Those who treat it as an extension of their Pakistan operations will encounter expensive surprises.
❓Frequently Asked Questions
Here are answers to the most common questions exporters ask about the Japanese used car export to Bangladesh market.
Can foreigners export used cars from Japan to Bangladesh?
Yes. As a Japan-based exporter, you can sell vehicles to eligible Bangladeshi importers. The import is done by the buyer under the NRB, Transfer of Residence, or commercial importer categories. You handle the sourcing, purchase, documentation, and shipping from Japan. You do not need a Bangladeshi import license; your buyer handles customs clearance on arrival through their designated clearing agent.
What is the best engine size for exporting to Bangladesh?
The 1500cc segment offers the absolute best balance of duty cost and market demand. Models like the Toyota Allion 1.5L, Premio 1.5L, and Honda Vezel 1.5L dominate the market. The 1300cc segment (Toyota Axio) has lower duties but lower margins per vehicle. The 1800-2000cc segment (Premio 1.8L, X-Trail) offers good margins with moderate duties. Above 2000cc, duties become prohibitive for most buyers.
Is Bangladesh a right-hand drive or left-hand drive market?
Bangladesh is a right-hand drive (RHD) market. Traffic drives on the left, and vehicles must have the steering wheel on the right side. Japanese RHD vehicles are directly compatible with no conversion needed. This RHD requirement is a fundamental reason Japanese used cars dominate the Bangladesh import market — Japan is the world's primary source of high-quality RHD used vehicles.
What is the difference between NRB and commercial import in Bangladesh?
NRB (Non-Resident Bangladeshi) import allows overseas Bangladeshis to import one vehicle per visit under baggage rules with certain duty concessions. Commercial import requires a company with Bangladesh Bank approval and pays full commercial duty rates. NRB imports typically have lower duties but stricter eligibility rules. Commercial imports have higher duties but allow multiple vehicles and are used by dealers. Most exporters serve the NRB segment first as it offers better margins.
How do customs valuation and duty assessment work at Chittagong?
Bangladesh Customs assesses duty based on the CIF (Cost, Insurance, Freight) value of the vehicle. They use a reference valuation database that sets minimum values for each make, model, and year. If your declared CIF value is below the reference, customs will assess at the reference value. This means you cannot reduce duty liability by under-declaring the vehicle price. Always provide accurate CIF documentation and be aware that customs valuation can add 5-15% to your expected duty cost if your declared value is below their reference.
🎯Conclusion: Your Roadmap to the Bangladesh Market
Bangladesh represents one of the highest-potential growth markets for Japanese used car exporters in South Asia. The combination of RHD compatibility, strong and growing demand, short shipping routes, and a well-established import infrastructure make it a natural market for exporters looking to expand their geographic portfolio.
Success in Bangladesh comes down to three things: sourcing the right vehicles (Toyota Allion and Premio in the 1500cc range, 3-4 years old, grade 4+), maintaining strict compliance with the year-of-manufacture age rule, and building trusted relationships with NRB buyers through transparent communication and reliable delivery.
Start with the 1500cc sedan segment — Toyota Allion and Premio — which account for the largest share of Japan-to-Bangladesh imports. Focus on factory-original, well-maintained vehicles with full service history. Use the short shipping transit to your advantage for capital turnover. Build your reputation through consistent quality and proactive communication. The Bangladesh buyer community is tight-knit and rewards reliability with loyalty and referrals.
Next step: Ready to build a more efficient export operation for Bangladesh or any other market? Explore how CarDeal365's export management software can help you track auction purchases, manage vehicle status from bid to delivery, coordinate with buyers, and control your margins — all from one platform designed for Japanese used car exporters.